Guided Reading Activity 6 3 Answer Key World History
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend most 20 minutes on Questions i-13 which are based on Reading Passage ane below.
The Innovation of Grocery Stores
A
At the very beginning of the 20th century, the American grocery stores offered comprehensive services: the customers would ask help from the people behind the counters (chosen clerks) for the items they liked, and and so the clerks would wrap the items up. For the purpose of saving fourth dimension, customers had to inquire delivery boys or go in person to transport the lists of what they intended to buy to the stores in advance and then went to pay for the goods afterwards. Generally speaking, these grocery stores sold simply one brand for each item. Such early chain stores as A&P stores, although containing full services, were very time-consuming and inefficient for the purchase.
B
Bom in Virginia, Clarence Saunders left schoolhouse at the age of 14 in 1895 to work first as a clerk in a grocery shop. During his working in the store, he found that information technology was very inefficient for people to buy things there. Without the assistance of computers at that time, shopping was performed in a quite astern way. Having noticed that this inconvenient shopping mode could lead to tremendous consumption of time and coin, Saunders, with great enthusiasm and innovation, proposed an unprecedented solution—let the consumers practise cocky-service in the process of shopping—which might bring a thorough revolution to the whole industry.
C
In 1902, Saunders moved to Memphis to put his perspective into practice, that is, to found a grocery wholesale cooperative. In his newly designed grocery store, he divided the shop into three different areas: 'A front vestibule' served as an archway, an leave, too as the checkouts at the front end. 'A sales department' was deliberately designed to permit customers to wander around the alley and select their needed groceries. In this way, the clerks would not do the unnecessary work merely arrange more fragile aisle and shelves to display the goods and enable the customers to scan through all the items. In the gallery to a higher place the sales section, supervisors tin monitor the customers without disturbing them. 'Stockroom', where big fridges were placed to maintain fresh products, is another section of his grocery store simply for the staff to enter. Too, this new shopping design and layout could adapt more customers to go shopping simultaneously and fifty-fifty lead to some unimaginable phenomena: impulse buying and later supermarket.
D
On September 6, 1916, Saunders performed the self-service revolution in the United states by opening the kickoff Piggly Wiggly featured by the turnstile at the archway store at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis, Tennessee. Quite distinct from those in other grocery stores, customers in Piggly Wiggly chose the goods on the shelves and paid the items all by themselves. Inside the Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of staff. They were complimentary to roam the store, check out the products and get what they needed by their ain hands. There, the items were conspicuously priced, and no one forced customers to buy the things they did non demand. Equally a matter of fact, the biggest do good that the Piggly Wiggly brought to customers was the coin-saving effect. Self-service was optimistic for the improvement. 'It is good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,' noted George T. Haley, a professor at the Academy of New Haven and director of the Centre for International Industry Competitiveness, 'if you await at the way in which grocery stores (previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta) were operated, what y'all can discover is that there are a great number of workers involved, and labour is a major expense.' Fortunately, the chain stores such as Piggly Wiggly cut the fatty.
Eastward
Piggly Wiggly and this kind of self-service stores soared at that time. In the first yr, Saunders opened nine branches in Memphis. Meanwhile, Saunders immediately applied a patent for the self-service concept and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores. Thanks to the employment of self-service and franchising, the number of Piggly Wiggly had increased to nearly 1,300 by 1923. Piggly Wiggly sold $100 million (worth $1.3 billion today) in groceries, which fabricated it the third-biggest grocery retailer in the nation. After that, this chain store experienced company listing on the New York Stock Exchange, with the stocks doubling from belatedly 1922 to March 1923. Saunders contributed significantly to the perfect blueprint and layout of grocery stores. In order to keep the period charge per unit smooth, Saunders even invented the turnstile to replace the common entrance manner.
F
Clarence Saunders died in 1953, leaving abundant legacies mainly symbolised past Piggly Wiggly, the blueprint of which spread extensively and lasted permanently.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has vi paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following data?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than in one case.
1 layout of Clarence Saunders' store
2 a reference to a reduction by chain stores in labour costs
three how Clarence Saunders' idea had been carried out
4how people used to shop earlier Clarence Saunders' stores opened
5 a description of economic success brought past Clarence Saunders's stores
Questions half dozen-x
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO More than THAN Two WORDS from the passage for each reply.
Write your answers in boxes six-ten on your answer sheet.
6 Clarence Saunders' first task was as ……………………… in a grocery shop.
vii In Clarence Saunders' store, people should pay for appurtenances at a ……………………….
viii Customers would be nether surveillance at the ……………………..
9 Some other are in his store was chosen '……………………….', which was only attainable to the internal staff.
ten In Clarence Saunders' shopping design, much work was done by ……………………..
Questions xi-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 11-xiii on your answer sheet.
11 Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the improvement of grocery stores at his age?
A He wanted to transfer business organisation to retailing.
B He thought it was profitable.
C He thought this could enable customers' life to exist more convenient.
D He wanted to create a new shop by himself.
12 The Piggly Wiggly store was
A located in Memphis Tennessee.
B mainly featured in self-service.
C initially very unpopular with customers.
D developed with a pessimistic hereafter.
thirteen Today, the main matter associated with Clarence Saunders is that
A a fully automated store system opened shortly nearly his first store.
B his Piggly Wiggly store was very popular at that time.
C his proper noun was normally connected with Piggly Wiggly stores.
D his name was printed together with that of his famous store.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage two below.
Bestcom—Considerate Computing
'Your bombardment is at present fully charged,' appear the laptop to its possessor Donald A. Norman in a synthetic vocalisation, with great enthusiasm and peradventure even a hint of pride. For the record, humans are not at all unfamiliar with distractions and multitasking. 'Nosotros are used to a complex life that gets constantly interrupted by computer's attention-seeking requests, as much as we are familiar with procreation,' laughs Ted Selker of the Massachusetts Plant of Engineering (MIT) Media Lab,
Humanity has been connected to approximately three billion networked telephones, computers, traffic lights and fifty-fifty fridges and picture frames since these things tin facilitate our daily lives. That is why we do not typically plough off the phones, shut down the e-mail organisation, or shut the role door even when we have a coming together coming or a stretch of concentrated work. We only endure the consequences.
Endless enquiry reports have confirmed that if people are unexpectedly interrupted, they may suffer a driblet in piece of work efficiency, and they are more likely to make mistakes. According to Robert M. Picard from the Academy of Missouri, information technology appears to build upward the feeling of frustration cumulatively, and that stress response makes it hard to focus once more. Information technology is. non solely almost productivity and the stride of life. For some professionals similar pilots, drivers, soldiers and doctors, loss of focus can be downright disastrous. 'If nosotros could find a way to make our computers and phones realise the limits of human attention and memory, they may come off as more thoughtful and courteous,' says Eric Horvitz of Microsoft Research. Horvitz, Selker and Picard are just a few of a minor but prospering group of researchers who are attempting to make computers, phones, cars and other devices to role more like considerate colleagues instead of egoistic oafs.
To do this, the machines need new skills of 3 kinds: sensing, reasoning and communicating. Beginning, a system must: sense or infer where its owner is and what he or she is doing. Side by side, it must weigh the value of the letters it wants to convey against the price of the disruption. So information technology has to. choose the all-time mode and time to interject: Each of these pushes the limits of informatics and raises problems of privacy, complexity or reliability. However, 'Attentive' Computing Systems, have started to brand an appearance in the latest Volvos, and IBM has designed and adult a communications software chosen WebSphere that comes with an underlying sense of busyness. Microsoft has been conducting extensive in-business firm tests of a way more than sophisticated system since 2003. In a couple of years, companies might manage to provide each function employee with a software version of the personal receptionist which is only bachelor to corner-suite executives today.
However, the truth is that most people are not every bit decorated as they merits to be, which explains why we can often stand interruptions from our inconsiderate electronic paraphernalia. To find out the extent to which such disruption may claim people'southward daily time, an IBM Research team led by Jennifer Lai from Carnegie Mellon University studied ten managers, researchers and interns at the workplace. They had the subjects on videotape, and within every period of a specific time, they asked the subjects to evaluate their 'interruptibility'. The time a worker spent in get out-me-alone land varied from individual to individual and day to day, and the percentage ranged from x to 51. By and large, the employees wished to piece of work without intermission for roughly 1/3 of the time. Similarly, by studying Microsoft workers, Horvitz as well came to the discovery that they unremarkably spend over 65 per cent of their mean solar day in a depression-attention mode.
Plain, today'south phones and computers are probably correct about two-thirds of fourth dimension past assuming that their users are always available to answer a call, bank check an e-mail, or click the 'OK' button on an alert box. Just for the considerate systems to be functional and useful, their accuracy has to be higher up 65 in sending when their users are about to reach their cognitive limit.
Inspired by Horvitz's work, Microsoft paradigm Bestcom-Enhanced Telephony (Bestcom-ET) digs a scrap deeper into every user's computer to find out clues near what they are dealing with. Equally I said earlier, Microsoft launched an internal beta test of the system in mid-2003. Horvitz points out that by the end of last October, nearly 3,800 people had been relying on the arrangement to field their incoming calls.
Horvitz is, in fact, a tester himself, and every bit we have our conversation in his office, Bestcom silently takes care of all the calls. Firstly, it checks if the caller is in his accost book, the visitor directory, or the 'recent call' list. Afterward triangulating all these resources at the same fourth dimension, it attempts to figure out what their human relationship is. The calls that go through are from family unit, supervisors and people he called earlier that mean solar day. Other callers volition get a message on their screens that say he cannot answer now because he is in a coming together, and will non be available until 3pm. The system volition scan both Horvitz'due south and the caller's calendar to check if it tin reschedule a callback at a time which works for both of them. Some callers volition take that option, while others only leave a voicemail. The same happens with east-mails. When Horvitz is non in his office, Bestcom automatically offers to transfer selected callers to his cellphone, unless his agenda implies that he is in a meeting.
Questions 14-19
Do the post-obit statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes fourteen-nineteen on your answer canvas, write
True if the statement is truthful
Fake if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
fourteen According to Ted Selker, homo reproduction has been disturbed throughout history.
xv If people are interrupted past calls or e-mails, they usually put up with it.
sixteen Microsoft is at present investigating a software which is compatible with ordinary offices.
17 People usually take a misperception about whether they are busy or not.
xviii Experts in Carnegie Mellon University conducted a research observing all occupations of IBM.
19 Electric current phone and calculator systems accept shortcut keys for people receiving information immediately.
Questions xx-26
Consummate the menses-chart beneath.
Choose ONLY One WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes twenty-26 on your answer sheet.
Source: https://ieltstrainingonline.com/ielts-reading-recent-actual-test-03-with-answer/
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