Facts About a Platypus What Is a Baby Platypus Called

Species of mammal

Platypus[i] Temporal range: 9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O Southward D C P T J K Pg N Miocene to Contempo
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.i)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Guild:	Monotremata
Family:	Ornithorhynchidae
Genus:	Ornithorhynchus Blumenbach, 1800
Species:	O. anatinus
Binomial name
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799)
Platypus range (red – native, yellow – introduced)
Synonyms[3]
Ornithorhynchus agilis de Vis, 1886 Platypus anatinus Shaw, 1799

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to equally the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family unit (Ornithorhynchidae)^[4] and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil tape.

Together with the 4 species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes. It is one of the few mammals that lay eggs instead of giving nascence to live immature. Like other monotremes, it senses prey through electrolocation. It is i of the few species of venomous mammals, equally the male platypus has a spur on the hind pes that delivers a venom, capable of causing severe pain to humans. The unusual appearance of this egg-laying, duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they starting time encountered it, and the first scientists to examine a preserved platypus trunk (in 1799) judged it a fake, made of several animals sewn together.

The unique features of the platypus brand it an important subject in the report of evolutionary biological science, and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia. It is culturally significant to several Aboriginal peoples of Australia, who also used to hunt the animal for food. It has appeared as a mascot at national events and features on the opposite of the Australian twenty-cent money, and the platypus is the beast emblem of the state of New South Wales. Until the early 20th century, humans hunted the platypus for its fur, but information technology is now protected throughout its range. Although captive-convenance programs have had but limited success, and the platypus is vulnerable to the furnishings of pollution, it is not under whatsoever firsthand threat.

As of 2020^[update], the platypus is a legally protected species in all states where it occurs. It is listed as an endangered species in South Australia and Victoria and has been recommended for listing in New South Wales.^[5] The species is classified as a near-threatened species by the IUCN, but a November 2020 written report has recommended that information technology is upgraded to threatened species nether the federal EPBC Human action, due to habitat destruction and declining numbers in all states.

Taxonomy and etymology

Frederick Nodder's illustration from the first scientific description in 1799 of "Platypus anatinus"

When the platypus was beginning encountered by Europeans in 1798, a pelt and sketch were sent back to Peachy Britain by Captain John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales.^[6] British scientists' initial hunch was that the attributes were a hoax.^[7] George Shaw, who produced the first clarification of the brute in the Naturalist's Miscellany in 1799, stated it was impossible not to entertain doubts as to its 18-carat nature,^[viii] and Robert Knox believed it might have been produced by some Asian taxidermist.^[7] It was idea that somebody had sewn a duck's pecker onto the body of a beaver-like animal. Shaw even took a scissors to the stale peel to check for stitches.^{[9] [eight]}

The common name "platypus" literally means 'flat-foot', deriving from the Greek discussion platúpous (πλατύπους),^[10] from platús (πλατύς 'broad, broad, flat')^[11] and poús (πούς 'pes').^{[12] [13]} Shaw initially assigned the species the Linnaean name Platypus anatinus when he described it,^[xiv] but the genus term was rapidly discovered to already be in utilize as the proper noun of the wood-dull ambrosia protrude genus Platypus.^[15] It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 (from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks)^[16] and following the rules of priority of nomenclature, it was later officially recognised equally Ornithorhynchus anatinus.^[15]

The scientific proper noun Ornithorhynchus anatinus literally ways 'duck-like bird-snout', deriving its genus name from the Greek root ornith- (όρνιθ 'bird') and the discussion rhúnkhos (ῥύγχος 'snout'), and deriving its species name from Latin anatinus ('duck-like').^[14]

There is no universally-agreed plural form of "platypus" in the English language language. Scientists generally use "platypuses" or simply "platypus". Colloquially, the term "platypi" is also used for the plural, although this is a class of pseudo-Latin;^[9] going past the word's Greek roots the plural would exist "platypodes". Early on British settlers called it past many names, such equally "watermole", "duckbill", and "duckmole".^[ix] Occasionally it is specifically called the "duck-billed platypus".

Clarification

In David Collins's account of the new colony 1788–1801, he describes coming across "an amphibious animal, of the mole species". His account includes a drawing of the beast.^[17]

The torso and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brownish, biofluorescent fur that traps a layer of insulating air to go along the animal warm.^{[nine] [xv] [xviii]} The fur is waterproof, and the texture is akin to that of a mole.^[xix] The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves (an accommodation also plant in animals such as the Tasmanian devil^[20]). The webbing on the feet is more significant on the front anxiety and is folded back when walking on land. The elongated snout and lower jaw are covered in soft skin, forming the bill. The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set just dorsum from information technology; this groove is closed when pond.^[15] Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens.^[9]

A colour print of platypuses from 1863

Weight varies considerably from 0.7 to 2.4 kg (ane lb 9 oz to 5 lb 5 oz), with males being larger than females. Males average 50 cm (20 in) in full length, while females average 43 cm (17 in),^[xv] with substantial variation in average size from 1 region to another. This blueprint does non seem to follow any item climatic rule and may be due to other environmental factors, such every bit predation and human inroad.^[21]

The platypus has an average body temperature of about 32 °C (90 °F) rather than the 37 °C (99 °F) typical of placental mammals.^[22] Enquiry suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to harsh environmental atmospheric condition on the part of the small number of surviving monotreme species rather than a historical characteristic of monotremes.^{[23] [24]}

Modern platypus young accept three teeth in each of the maxillae (1 premolar and two molars) and dentaries (three molars), which they lose before or just subsequently leaving the breeding burrow;^[15] adults have heavily keratinised pads called ceratodontes in their identify, which they use to grind food.^{[xv] [25] [26]} The starting time upper and tertiary lower cheek teeth of platypus nestlings are small, each having 1 principal cusp, while the other teeth accept two main cusps.^[27] The platypus jaw is constructed differently from that of other mammals, and the jaw-opening muscle is different.^[15] As in all true mammals, the tiny basic that conduct sound in the heart ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw every bit in pre mammalian synapsids. However, the external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.^[15] The platypus has extra basic in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle, which is not found in other mammals.^[15] As in many other aquatic and semiaquatic vertebrates, the basic show osteosclerosis, increasing their density to provide ballast.^[28] It has a reptilian gait, with the legs on the sides of the body, rather than underneath.^[fifteen] When on country, it engages in knuckle-walking on its forepart feet, to protect the webbing between the toes.^[29]

Venom

The calcaneus spur found on the male's hind limb is used to evangelize venom.

While both male person and female platypuses are built-in with talocrural joint spurs, only the spurs on the male's back ankles deliver venom,^{[thirty] [31] [32]} composed largely of defensin-similar proteins (DLPs), 3 of which are unique to the platypus.^[33] The DLPs are produced by the immune system of the platypus. The function of defensins is to cause lysis in pathogenic leaner and viruses, but in platypuses they besides are formed into venom for defence. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such equally dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, merely the hurting is and then excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated.^{[33] [34]} Oedema apace develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb. Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal bear witness indicates the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to hurting) that persists for days or even months.^{[35] [36]} Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male person, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a sparse-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb. The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds that do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands.^[xv]

The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by non-mammalian species; its furnishings are not life-threatening to humans, merely notwithstanding powerful enough to seriously impair the victim. Since simply males produce venom and production rises during the breeding flavor, it may be used as an offensive weapon to affirm dominance during this period.^[33]

Similar spurs are constitute on many primitive mammal groups, indicating that this is an ancient characteristic for mammals as a whole, and not exclusive to the platypus or other monotremes.^[37]

Electrolocation

Platypus shown to children

Monotremes are the just mammals (apart from at least one species of dolphin)^[38] known to take a sense of electroreception: they locate their prey in function by detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. The platypus'due south electroreception is the most sensitive of any monotreme.^{[39] [40]}

The electroreceptors are located in rostrocaudal rows in the skin of the bill, while mechanoreceptors (which detect touch) are uniformly distributed across the pecker. The electrosensory area of the cognitive cortex is contained within the tactile somatosensory area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a shut association between the tactile and electric senses. Both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the neb dominate the somatotopic map of the platypus encephalon, in the aforementioned mode human hands boss the Penfield homunculus map.^{[41] [42]}

The platypus can determine the direction of an electric source, perchance by comparing differences in bespeak strength across the sheet of electroreceptors. This would explain the characteristic side-to-side motion of the animal'southward head while hunting. The cortical convergence of electrosensory and tactile inputs suggests a mechanism that determines the distance of casualty that, when they motility, emit both electric signals and mechanical pressure level pulses. The platypus uses the difference betwixt arrival times of the two signals to sense distance.^[xl]

Feeding past neither sight nor smell,^[43] the platypus closes its eyes, ears, and olfactory organ each time it dives.^[44] Rather, when it digs in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors discover tiny electric currents generated by muscular contractions of its casualty, so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors.^[40] Experiments accept shown the platypus will even react to an "artificial shrimp" if a pocket-sized electrical current is passed through it.^[45]

Monotreme electrolocation probably evolved in order to allow the animals to forage in murky waters, and may be tied to their tooth loss.^[46] The extinct Obdurodon was electroreceptive, simply dissimilar the modern platypus it foraged pelagically (nearly the ocean surface).^[46]

Eyes

In recent studies information technology has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of most tetrapods. The eyes also contain double cones, which most mammals do non take.^[47]

Although the platypus'south eyes are small and not used under water, several features indicate that vision played an of import role in its ancestors. The corneal surface and the next surface of the lens is apartment while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such equally otters and sea-lions. A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a function in predation, while the accompanying visual acuity is insufficient for such activities. Furthermore, this limited acuity is matched by a depression cortical magnification, a pocket-size lateral geniculate nucleus and a large optic tectum, suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more important role than the visual cortex, equally in some rodents. These features propose that the platypus has adapted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, developing its electrosensory arrangement at the cost of its visual system; an evolutionary process paralleled by the small number of electroreceptors in the short-beaked echidna, which dwells in dry environments, whilst the long-beaked echidna, which lives in moist environments, is intermediate between the other two monotremes.^[41]

Biofluorescence

In 2020, inquiry in biofluorescence revealed that the platypus glows a bluish-greenish colour when exposed to black calorie-free.^[48]

Distribution, environmental, and behaviour

Dentition, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History

The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an all-encompassing range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of littoral Queensland every bit far n as the base of the Greatcoat York Peninsula.^[49]

Inland, its distribution is not well known. Information technology was considered extinct on the South Australian mainland, with the last sighting recorded at Renmark in 1975,^[l] until some years later on John Wamsley had created Warrawong Sanctuary (see below) in the 1980s, setting a platypus convenance program in that location, and it had subsequently closed.^{[51] [52]} In 2017 there were some unconfirmed sightings downstream, outside the sanctuary,^[l] and in Oct 2020 a nesting platypus was filmed inside the recently reopened sanctuary.^[53] There is a population on Kangaroo Island^[54] introduced in the 1920s, which was said to stand at 150 individuals in the Rocky River region of Flinders Chase National Park earlier the 2019–20 Australian bushfire flavor, in which large portions of the island burnt, decimating all wild fauna. However, with the SA Department for Surround and H2o recovery teams working hard to reinstate their habitat, there had been a number of sightings reported past April 2020.^[55]

The platypus is no longer found in the main part of the Murray-Darling Basin, possibly due to the declining h2o quality brought about by extensive land clearing and irrigation schemes.^[56] Along the coastal river systems, its distribution is unpredictable; information technology appears to be absent from some relatively good for you rivers, and yet maintains a presence in others, for example, the lower Maribyrnong, that are quite degraded.^[57]

In captivity, platypuses take survived to 17 years of age, and wild specimens take been recaptured when 11 years former. Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to be low.^[15] Natural predators include snakes, h2o rats, goannas, hawks, owls, and eagles. Depression platypus numbers in northern Australia are possibly due to predation by crocodiles.^[58] The introduction of scarlet foxes in 1845 for hunting may have had some impact on its numbers on the mainland.^[21] The platypus is generally regarded as nocturnal and crepuscular, but individuals are also active during the day, peculiarly when the heaven is overcast.^{[59] [60]} Its habitat bridges rivers and the riparian zone for both a food supply of prey species, and banks where it can dig resting and nesting burrows.^[lx] It may have a range of upwardly to seven km (4.3 mi), with a male'south dwelling house range overlapping those of three or iv females.^[61]

The platypus is an excellent swimmer and spends much of its fourth dimension in the h2o foraging for nutrient. It has a very characteristic swimming style and no external ears.^[62] Uniquely among mammals, it propels itself when swimming by an alternate rowing motion of the forepart feet; although all iv anxiety of the platypus are webbed, the hind feet (which are held against the body) do not help in propulsion, just are used for steering in combination with the tail.^[63] The species is endothermic, maintaining its body temperature at nearly 32°C (xc°F), lower than most mammals, even while foraging for hours in water beneath 5°C (41°F).^[fifteen]

Dives commonly last around 30 seconds, but can final longer, although few exceed the estimated aerobic limit of twoscore seconds. Recovery at the surface between dives commonly takes from 10 to 20 seconds.^{[64] [65]}

When not in the water, the platypus retires to a short, straight resting burrow of oval cross-department, nearly always in the riverbank not far higher up h2o level, and frequently hidden under a protective tangle of roots.^[62]

The average sleep fourth dimension of a platypus is said to be as long equally 14 hours per solar day, perhaps because it eats crustaceans, which provide a loftier level of calories.^[66]

Diet

The platypus is a carnivore: it feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp, and freshwater yabby (crayfish) that information technology digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to behave prey to the surface, where it is eaten.^[62] The platypus needs to eat well-nigh 20% of its own weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food.^[64]

Reproduction

Platypus's nest with eggs (replica)

When the platypus was get-go encountered by European naturalists, they were divided over whether the female person lays eggs. This was finally confirmed by William Hay Caldwell's squad in 1884.^{[xv] [33]}

The species exhibits a unmarried breeding season; mating occurs between June and October, with some local variation taking place between different populations beyond its range.^[58] Historical observation, mark-and-recapture studies, and preliminary investigations of population genetics indicate the possibility of both resident and transient members of populations, and suggest a polygynous mating system.^[67] Females are thought likely to become sexually mature in their second year, with breeding confirmed even so to accept place in animals over nine years old.^[67]

Exterior the mating season, the platypus lives in a simple basis burrow, the entrance of which is about xxx cm (12 in) above the water level. After mating, the female person constructs a deeper, more elaborate couch up to twenty m (65 ft) long and blocked at intervals with plugs (which may deed equally a safeguard against rising waters or predators, or as a method of regulating humidity and temperature).^[68] The male takes no function in caring for its young, and retreats to his year-long burrow. The female softens the ground in the burrow with dead, folded, wet leaves, and she fills the nest at the end of the tunnel with fallen leaves and reeds for bedding cloth. This material is dragged to the nest past tucking it underneath her curled tail.^[9]

The female person platypus has a pair of ovaries, just just the left one is functional.^[59] The platypus'due south genes are a possible evolutionary link between the mammalian XY and bird/reptile ZW sex activity-determination systems because 1 of the platypus's five X chromosomes contains the DMRT1 gene, which birds possess on their Z chromosome.^[69] Information technology lays ane to three (normally two) small-scale, leathery eggs (similar to those of reptiles), nigh eleven mm ( 7⁄sixteen  in) in diameter and slightly rounder than bird eggs.^[70] The eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends well-nigh i day in tract and 21 days externally).^[59] Afterwards laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into iii phases.^[71] In the first stage, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is captivated by the developing young.^[72] During the 2d phase, the digits develop, and in the last phase, the egg tooth appears.^[71]

Most mammal zygotes go through holoblastic cleavage, meaning that, following fertilization, the ovum is split due to cell divisions into multiple, divisible girl cells. This is in comparison to the more ancestral process of meroblastic cleavage, present in monotremes like the platypus and in non-mammals like reptiles and birds. In meroblastic cleavage, the ovum does not dissever completely. This causes the cells at the edge of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg'south cytoplasm. This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to substitution waste material and nutrients with the cytoplasm.^[73]

In that location is no official term for platypus young, but the term "platypup" sees unofficial use.^[74] Newly hatched platypuses are vulnerable, blind, and hairless, and are fed past the mother'southward milk. Although possessing mammary glands, the platypus lacks teats. Instead, milk is released through pores in the peel. The milk pools in grooves on her abdomen, allowing the young to lap information technology up.^{[9] [58]} Later they hatch, the offspring are suckled for 3 to 4 months. During incubation and weaning, the mother initially leaves the burrow only for short periods, to fodder. When doing so, she creates a number of thin soil plugs along the length of the burrow, possibly to protect the immature from predators; pushing past these on her return forces water from her fur and allows the burrow to remain dry.^[75] After about five weeks, the mother begins to spend more fourth dimension away from her young, and at around iv months, the young emerge from the couch.^[58] A platypus is built-in with teeth, but these drop out at a very early on age, leaving the horny plates it uses to grind food.^[25]

Evolution

Evolutionary relationships between the platypus and other mammals[76]

The platypus and other monotremes were very poorly understood, and some of the 19th century myths that grew upwards around them – for example, that the monotremes were "junior" or quasireptilian – still endure.^[77] In 1947, William Rex Gregory theorised that placental mammals and marsupials may have diverged earlier, and a subsequent branching divided the monotremes and marsupials, but afterwards research and fossil discoveries accept suggested this is wrong.^{[77] [78]} In fact, modernistic monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree, and a later branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups.^{[77] [79]} Molecular clock and fossil dating advise platypuses split from echidnas effectually 19–48million years ago.^[80]

Reconstruction of aboriginal platypus relative Steropodon

The oldest discovered fossil of the mod platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago, during the Quaternary period. The extinct monotremes Teinolophos and Steropodon were in one case thought to be closely related to the modern platypus,^[78] simply are now considered more basal taxa.^[81] The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New Southward Wales and is composed of an opalised lower jawbone with 3 molar teeth (whereas the adult contemporary platypus is toothless). The molar teeth were initially thought to be tribosphenic, which would take supported a variation of Gregory's theory, simply later on research has suggested, while they have three cusps, they evolved under a split up process.^[82] The fossil is thought to be most 110million years quondam, making information technology the oldest mammal fossil plant in Commonwealth of australia. Unlike the modern platypus (and echidnas), Teinolophos lacked a nib.^[81]

Monotrematum sudamericanum, another fossil relative of the platypus, has been institute in Argentina, indicating monotremes were present in the supercontinent of Gondwana when the continents of South America and Australia were joined via Antarctica (until about 167million years agone).^{[82] [83]} A fossilised tooth of a behemothic platypus species, Obdurodon tharalkooschild, was dated five–15meg years agone. Judging by the tooth, the fauna measured ane.3 metres long, making it the largest platypus on record.^[84]

Considering of the early on divergence from the therian mammals and the low numbers of extant monotreme species, the platypus is a frequent subject of research in evolutionary biological science. In 2004, researchers at the Australian National University discovered the platypus has 10 sex chromosomes, compared with two (XY) in most other mammals. These 10 chromosomes class v unique pairs of XY in males and Xx in females, i.e. males are Ten₁Y₁10_twoY_twoX₃Y₃X₄Y₄X₅Y_v.^[85] One of the X chromosomes of the platypus has slap-up homology to the bird Z chromosome.^[86] The platypus genome also has both reptilian and mammalian genes associated with egg fecundation.^{[43] [87]} Though the platypus lacks the mammalian sex-determining gene SRY, a report found that the mechanism of sex determination is the AMH cistron on the oldest Y chromosome.^{[88] [89]} A typhoon version of the platypus genome sequence was published in Nature on 8May 2008, revealing both reptilian and mammalian elements, as well as ii genes plant previously merely in birds, amphibians, and fish. More than than eighty% of the platypus's genes are common to the other mammals whose genomes have been sequenced.^[43] An updated genome, the near complete on record, was published in 2021, together with the genome of the curt-beaked echidna.^[90]

Conservation

A depiction of a platypus from a book for children published in Deutschland in 1798

Status and threats

Except for its loss from the land of South Commonwealth of australia, the platypus occupies the aforementioned general distribution as it did prior to European settlement of Australia. However, local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to man modification of its habitat are documented. Its historical affluence is unknown and its current affluence difficult to gauge, but it is causeless to have declined in numbers, although as of 1998 was still beingness considered as common over most of its electric current range.^[sixty] The species was extensively hunted for its fur until the early on years of the 20th century and, although protected throughout Australia since 1905,^[75] until about 1950 it was withal at risk of drowning in the nets of inland fisheries.^[56]

The International Wedlock for Conservation of Nature recategorised its status as "near threatened" in 2016.^[91] The species is protected by law, simply the only land in which it is listed as endangered is South Commonwealth of australia, nether the National Parks and Wildlife Deed 1972. In 2020 it has been recommended to be listed equally a vulnerable species in Victoria nether the land's Flora and Animal Guarantee Act 1988.^[92]

Habitat destruction

The platypus is not considered to exist in immediate danger of extinction, because conservation measures have been successful, simply it could be adversely affected past habitat disruption caused by dams, irrigation, pollution, netting, and trapping. Reduction of watercourse flows and h2o levels through excessive droughts and extraction of h2o for industrial, agronomical, and domestic supplies are too considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as "Nearly Threatened"^[2] as assessed in 2016, when it was estimated that numbers had reduced by nigh thirty percent on average since European settlement. The brute is listed every bit endangered in South Australia, but it is not covered at all nether the federal EPBC Act.^{[93] [94]}

Researchers take worried for years that declines have been greater than assumed.^[93] In Jan 2020, researchers from the Academy of New Due south Wales presented evidence that the platypus is at gamble of extinction, due to a combination of extraction of h2o resource, country clearing, climate change and severe drought.^{[95] [96]} The written report predicted that, because current threats, the animals' abundance would decline past 47%–66% and metapopulation occupancy past 22%–32% over 50 years, causing "extinction of local populations beyond about xl% of the range". Nether projections of climatic change projections to 2070, reduced habitat due to drought would lead to 51–73% reduced abundance and 36–56% reduced metapopulation occupancy within 50 years respectively. These predictions suggested that the species would fall under the "Vulnerable" classification. The authors stressed the demand for national conservation efforts, which might include conducting more surveys, tracking trends, reduction of threats and improvement of river management to ensure healthy platypus habitat.^[97] Co-author Gilad Bino is concerned that the estimates of the 2016 baseline numbers could be wrong, and numbers may have been reduced past as much as half already.^[93]

A November 2020 report by scientists from the University of New Southward Wales, funded by a research grant from the Australian Conservation Foundation in collaboration with the Globe Wildlife Fund Australia and the Humane Society International Australia revealed that that platypus habitat in Australia had shrunk by 22 per cent in the previous 30 years, and recommended that the platypus should be listed equally a threatened species under the EPBC Act.^[98] Declines in population had been greatest in NSW, in particular in the Murray-Darling Basin.^{[99] [100] [92]}

Disease

Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; nevertheless, every bit of 2008 at that place was business in Tasmania nigh the potential impacts of a illness caused by the fungus Mucor amphibiorum. The affliction (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and had not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs. Mucormycosis can kill platypuses, expiry arising from secondary infection and past affecting the animals' power to maintain body temperature and forage efficiently. The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Primary Industries and Water collaborated with NRM n and University of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses, as well every bit the mechanism of transmission and spread of the disease.^[101]

Platypus in wild fauna sanctuaries

Much of the globe was introduced to the platypus in 1939 when National Geographic Magazine published an article on the platypus and the efforts to study and raise it in captivity. The latter is a difficult chore, and just a few immature accept been successfully raised since, notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria. The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay, who established a platypusary (a simulated stream in a tank) at the Healesville Sanctuary, where breeding was successful in 1943.^[102] In 1972, he found a dead babe of nearly 50 days old, which had presumably been born in captivity, at his wild animals park at Burleigh Heads on the Gilt Coast, Queensland.^[103] Healesville repeated its success in 1998 and again in 2000 with a similar stream tank.^[104] Since 2008, platypus has bred regularly at Healesville,^[105] including second-generation (captive born themselves convenance in captivity).^[106] Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and convenance was again successful there in 2006.^[104]

Platypuses are kept at the following sanctuaries:

Queensland

• David Fleay Wild animals Park, Gold Coast, Queensland
• Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland^[107]
• Walkabout Creek Wildlife Centre, The Gap, Brisbane, Queensland^[108]
• The Australian Platypus Park at Tarzali Lakes, Millaa Millaa, Queensland^[109]

New South Wales

• Taronga Zoo, Sydney, New Due south Wales
• Sydney Wild Life, Sydney, New Southward Wales
• Australian Reptile Park, Somersby, New South Wales

South Commonwealth of australia

• Warrawong Wild animals Sanctuary in the Adelaide Hills^[110]

Victoria

• Healesville Sanctuary, virtually Melbourne, Victoria, where the platypus was first bred in captivity by naturalist David Fleay in 1943.^[102] The get-go platypus "born" in captivity was named Corrie and was quite popular with the public. In 1955, three months before a new "platypussary" (after "aviary") was opened, she escaped from her pen into the nearby Badger Creek and was never recovered.

United States

As of 2019, the only platypuses in captivity outside of Australia are in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in the U.S. state of California.^{[111] [112]}

Three attempts were made to bring the animals to the Bronx Zoo, in 1922, 1947, and 1958; of these, only ii of the 3 animals introduced in 1947 lived longer than eighteen months.^[113]

Usage by humans

A platypus fur cape made in 1890. Information technology was donated to the National Gallery of Victoria by Mrs F Smith in 1985

Aboriginal Australians used to hunt platypuses for food (their fat tails being particularly nutritious), while, after colonisation, Europeans hunted them for fur from the belatedly 19th century and until 1912, when information technology was prohibited by constabulary. In addition, European researchers captured and killed platypus or removed their eggs, partly in social club to increment scientific knowledge, but also to proceeds prestige and outcompete rivals from unlike countries.^[92]

Cultural references

Large etching of a platypus at the Australian Axeman'due south Hall of Fame

9d postage postage stamp from 1937

The platypus has been a bailiwick in the Dreamtime stories of Aboriginal Australians, some of whom believed the fauna was a hybrid of a duck and a water rat.^{[114] : 57–60}

According to one story of the upper Darling River,^[92] the major animal groups, the state animals, water animals and birds, all competed for the platypus to join their respective groups, but the platypus ultimately decided to not bring together whatever of them, feeling that he did not demand to exist part of a group to be special,^{[114] : 83–85} and wished to remain friends with all of those groups.^[92] Another Dreaming story emanate of the upper Darling tells of a young duck which ventured too far, ignoring the warnings of her tribe, and was kidnapped by a big water-rat called Biggoon. Later on managing to escape after some time, she returned and laid two eggs which hatched into strange furry creatures, so they were all banished and went to live in the mountains.^[92]

The platypus is also used by some Aboriginal peoples as a totem, which is to them "a natural object, plant or animal that is inherited by members of a clan or family as their spiritual keepsake", and the animal holds special meaning as a totem animal for the Wadi Wadi people, who live along the Murray River. Because of their cultural significance and importance in connection to country, the platypus is protected and conserved past these Indigenous peoples.^[92]

The platypus has often been used every bit a symbol of Australia's cultural identity. In the 1940s, live platypuses were given to allies in the 2nd World State of war, in club to strengthen ties and boost morale.^[92]

Platypuses have been used several times every bit mascots: Syd the platypus was one of the three mascots chosen for the Sydney 2000 Olympics along with an echidna and a kookaburra,^[115] Expo Oz the platypus was the mascot for World Expo 88, which was held in Brisbane in 1988,^[116] and Hexley the platypus is the mascot for the Darwin operating system, the BSD-based core of macOS and other operating systems from Apple Inc.^[117]

Since the introduction of decimal currency to Australia in 1966, the embossed image of a platypus, designed and sculpted by Stuart Devlin, has appeared on the contrary (tails) side of the 20-cent coin.^[118] The platypus has frequently appeared in Australian postage stamps, about recently the 2015 "Native Animals" series and the 2016 "Australian Animals Monotremes" serial.^{[119] [120]}

In the American animated series Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015), the title characters ain a pet platypus named Perry who, unknown to them, is a secret amanuensis. The option of a platypus was inspired past media underuse, as well equally to exploit the fauna's striking advent.^[121] Every bit a character, Perry has been well received past both fans and critics.^{[122] [123]} Additionally, show creator Dan Povenmire, who also wrote the grapheme's theme song, said that its opening lyrics are based on the introductory sentence of the Platypus article on Wikipedia, copying the "semiaquatic egg-laying mammal" phrase give-and-take for word, and appending the phrase "of action".^[124]

See also

• Henry Burrell
• Ellis Joseph
• Fauna of Australia

Citations

1. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Monotremata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the Earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. p. 2. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ ^{a b} Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Ornithorhynchus anatinus". IUCN Cherry Listing of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40488A21964009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40488A21964009.en . Retrieved xix Nov 2021.
3. ^ "Ornithorhynchus anatinus". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 13 July 2021.
4. ^ Bess, Anna. "ADW: Ornithorhynchidae: INFORMATION". Animaldiversity.org. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 11 Feb 2022.
5. ^ "Protecting Our Iconic Platypus | Premier of Victoria". www.premier.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
6. ^ Hall, Brian K. (March 1999). "The Paradoxical Platypus". BioScience. 49 (iii): 211–8. doi:10.2307/1313511. JSTOR 1313511.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Duck-billed Platypus". Museum of hoaxes. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
8. ^ ^{a b} Shaw, George; Nodder, Frederick Polydore (1799). "The Duck-Billed Platypus, Platypus anatinus". The Naturalist'south Miscellany. 10 (CXVIII): 385–386. doi:ten.5962/p.304567. Archived from the original on 1 Oct 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f chiliad} "Platypus facts file". Australian Platypus Salvation. Archived from the original on ten November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
10. ^ πλατύπους Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English language Lexicon, on Perseus
11. ^ πλατύς Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Auto, A Greek-English Dictionary, on Perseus
12. ^ πούς Archived 27 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
13. ^ Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition . Oxford Academy Printing, Oxford, Great britain. ISBN978-0-19-910207-5.
14. ^ ^{a b} Shaw, George; Nodder, Frederick Polydore (1799). "The Duck-Billed Platypus, Platypus anatinus". The Naturalist's Miscellany. x (CXVIII): 385–386. doi:ten.5962/p.304567. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved vi Oct 2020.
15. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i j k l m n o} Grant, J.R. "16" (PDF). Brute of Commonwealth of australia. Vol. 1b. Australian Biological Resources Written report (ABRS). Archived from the original (PDF) on xix May 2005. Retrieved xiii September 2006.
16. ^ "Platypus Paradoxes". National Library of Commonwealth of australia. August 2001. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
17. ^ Collins, David. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume 2 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 – via Internet Archive.
18. ^ Anich, Paula Spaeth (15 October 2020). "Biofluorescence in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Mammalia. 85 (2): 179–181. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2020-0027.
19. ^ "Platypus: Facts, Pictures: Animal Planet". Fauna.discovery.com. xvi Nov 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
20. ^ Guiler, E.R. (1983). "Tasmanian Devil". In R. Strahan (ed.). The Australian Museum Complete Volume of Australian Mammals. Angus & Robertson. pp. 27–28. ISBN978-0-207-14454-7.
21. ^ ^{a b} Munks, Sarah & Nicol, Stewart (May 1999). "Current research on the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Tasmania: Abstracts from the 1999 'Tasmanian Platypus Workshop'". University of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
22. ^ "Thermal Biology of the Platypus". Davidson Higher. 1999. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
23. ^ Watson, J.Chiliad.; Graves, J.A.One thousand. (1988). "Monotreme Prison cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy". Australian Journal of Zoology. 36 (5): 573–584. doi:10.1071/ZO9880573.
24. ^ Dawson, T.J.; Grant, T.R.; Fanning, D. (1979). "Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy". Australian Journal of Zoology. 27 (4): 511–5. doi:10.1071/ZO9790511.
25. ^ ^{a b} Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Printing. ISBN978-0-313-33922-6.
26. ^ Haeckel (1895). Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata). Entwurf einer systematischen Stammesgeschichte (in High german). Vol. 3 (ane ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. pp. 142–143. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
27. ^ Ungar, Peter S. (2010). "Monotremata and Marsupialia". Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Variety. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 130. ISBN978-0-801-89668-2.
28. ^ Hayashi, Southward.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Chiba, M.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, N.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013). "Os Inner Construction Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)". PLOS I. eight (4): e59146. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859146H. doi:x.1371/periodical.pone.0059146. PMC3615000. PMID 23565143.
29. ^ Fish FE; Frappell PB; Baudinette RV; MacFarlane PM (Feb 2001). "Energetics of terrestrial locomotion of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 4): 797–803. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.iv.797. hdl:2440/12192. PMID 11171362.
30. ^ "Australian Creature". Australian Animate being. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved fourteen May 2010.
31. ^ "Platypus venom linked to pain relief". University of Sydney. eight May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
32. ^ "Platypus toxicant". Rainforest Australia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
33. ^ ^{a b c d} Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie (December 2002). "Platypus poison". Poly peptide Spotlight (29). Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved xiv September 2006.
34. ^ Weimann, Anya (four July 2007) Development of platypus venom revealed. Creation.
35. ^ de Plater, Thousand.Thousand.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.50. (2001). "Venom From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells". Journal of Neurophysiology. 85 (3): 1340–v. doi:ten.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1340. PMID 11248005. S2CID 2452708. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 1 Dec 2019.
36. ^ "The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Archived from the original on ane Feb 2012. Retrieved thirteen September 2006.
37. ^ Jørn H. Hurum, Zhe-Xi Luo, and Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Were mammals originally venomous?, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (i), 2006: 1–11
38. ^ Black, Richard (26 July 2011). "Dolphin hunts with electric sense". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
39. ^ Proske, Uwe; Gregory, J. E.; Iggo, A. (1998). "Sensory receptors in monotremes". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 353 (1372): 1187–98. doi:x.1098/rstb.1998.0275. PMC1692308. PMID 9720114.
40. ^ ^{a b c} Pettigrew, John D. (1999). "Electroreception in Monotremes" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biological science. 202 (Pt ten): 1447–54. doi:x.1242/jeb.202.x.1447. PMID 10210685. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
41. ^ ^{a b} Pettigrew, John D.; Manger, P.R.; Fine, Southward.L. (1998). "The sensory world of the platypus". Philosophical Transactions of the Majestic Gild of London. 353 (1372): 1199–1210. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0276. PMC1692312. PMID 9720115.
42. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2004). "The Duckbill's Tale". The Antecedent's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-618-00583-iii.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Warren, Wesley C.; et al. (eight May 2008). "Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution". Nature. 453 (7192): 175–183. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..175W. doi:10.1038/nature06936. PMC2803040. PMID 18464734.
44. ^ Gregory, J.E.; Iggo, A.; McIntyre, A.Grand.; Proske, U. (June 1988). "Receptors in the Bill of the Platypus". Journal of Physiology. 400 (1): 349–366. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017124. PMC1191811. PMID 3418529.
45. ^ Manning, A.; Dawkins, M.S. (1998). An Introduction to Brute Behaviour (fifth ed.). Cambridge University Press.
46. ^ ^{a b} Masakazu Asahara; Masahiro Koizumi; Thomas E. Macrini; Suzanne J. Hand; Michael Archer (2016). "Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth". Science Advances. 2 (ten): e1601329. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601329.
47. ^ Zeiss, Caroline; Schwab, Ivan R.; Murphy, Christopher J.; Dubielzig, Richard W. (2011). "Comparative retinal morphology of the platypus". Periodical of Morphology. 272 (8): 949–57. doi:x.1002/jmor.10959. PMID 21567446. S2CID 28546474.
48. ^ November 2020, Mindy Weisberger-Senior Writer 02. "Platypuses glow an eerie blue-green nether UV low-cal". livescience.com. Archived from the original on five November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
49. ^ "Platypus". Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on nine October 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
50. ^ ^{a b} Sutton, Malcolm (3 May 2017). "Platypus 'sighting' in the Adelaide Hills sparks camera set-up to capture extinct species - ABC News". ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 26 Nov 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
51. ^ Keogh, Melissa (iii October 2018). "Life reinstated to much-loved Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary". The Atomic number 82 SA. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
52. ^ Adams, Prue (27 March 2005). "Wamsley walks away from Earth Sanctuaries". Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
53. ^ Sutton, Malcolm (1 October 2020). "V6 Commodore h2o pump gets the tick from nesting platypus at Warrawong". ABC News. Australian Dissemination Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
54. ^ "Research on Kangaroo Island". University of Adelaide. four July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
55. ^ "Find out how platypuses are faring on Kangaroo Isle following the bushfires". Department for Environs and Water. vii April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020.
56. ^ ^{a b} Scott, Anthony; Grant, Tom (November 1997). "Impacts of water direction in the Murray-Darling Basin on the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the water rat (Hydromus chrysogaster)" (PDF). CSIRO Commonwealth of australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
57. ^ "Platypus in Country Areas". Australian Platypus Conservancy. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 23 Oct 2006.
58. ^ ^{a b c d} "Platypus". Environmental Protection Bureau/Queensland Parks and Wild fauna Service. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
59. ^ ^{a b c} Cromer, Erica (14 April 2004). "Monotreme Reproductive Biological science and Beliefs". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on xiii March 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
60. ^ ^{a b c} Grant, T.Chiliad.; Temple-Smith, P.D. (1998). "Field biological science of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): historical and current perspectives". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1081–91. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0267. PMC1692311. PMID 9720106.
61. ^ Gardner, J. L.; Serena, G. (1995). "Spatial-Organization and Motion Patterns of Adult Male Platypus, Ornithorhynchus-Anatinus (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 43 (1): 91–103. doi:ten.1071/ZO9950091.
62. ^ ^{a b c} "Platypus in Tasmania | Department of Principal Industries, Parks, Water and Environs, Tasmania". dpipwe.tas.gov.au. Archived from the original on eight March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
63. ^ Fish, F.Eastward.; Baudinette, R.5.; Frappell, P.B.; Sarre, M.P. (1997). "Energetics of Swimming past the Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus: Metabolic Effort Associated with Rowing" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biological science. 200 (20): 2647–52. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.20.2647. PMID 9359371. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
64. ^ ^{a b} Philip Bethge (April 2002). "Energetics and foraging behaviour of the platypus". Academy of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 25 Oct 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
65. ^ Kruuk, H. (1993). "The Diving Behaviour of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Waters with Dissimilar Trophic Status". The Journal of Applied Ecology. 30 (4): 592–8. doi:10.2307/2404239. JSTOR 2404239.
66. ^ Holland, Jennifer S. (July 2011). "twoscore Winks?". National Geographic. 220 (1).
67. ^ ^{a b} Grant, T. R.; Griffiths, K.; Leckie, R.Thousand.C. (1983). "Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New S Wales". Australian Journal of Zoology. 31 (6): 881–9. doi:10.1071/ZO9830881.
68. ^ Anna Bess Sorin & Phil Myers (2001). "Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 24 Oct 2006.
69. ^ Graves, Jennifer (10 March 2006). "Sex Chromosome Specialization and Degeneration in Mammals". Cell. 124 (five): 901–914. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.024. PMID 16530039. S2CID 8379688.
70. ^ Hughes, R. L.; Hall, Fifty. S. (28 July 1998). "Early development and embryology of the platypus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Guild B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1101–14. doi:x.1098/rstb.1998.0269. PMC1692305. PMID 9720108.
71. ^ ^{a b} Manger, Paul R.; Hall, Leslie S.; Pettigrew, John D. (29 July 1998). "The evolution of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1115–25. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0270. PMC1692310. PMID 9720109.
72. ^ "Ockhams Razor". The Puzzling Platypus. xx July 2001. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved ii December 2006.
73. ^ Myers, P. Z. (2008). "Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome". Nature Education. ane (i): 462008. Archived from the original on iv March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
74. ^ Carmody, Judy (2011). Wet Tropics of Queensland Earth Heritage Area: Tour Guide Handbook (PDF). James Cook University, Marine and Tropical Science Research Facility. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved eight February 2021.
75. ^ ^{a b} "Egg-laying mammals" (PDF). Queensland Museum. November 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
76. ^ Lecointre, Guillaume; Le Guyader, Hervé (2006). The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification . Harvard Academy Press. ISBN978-0-674-02183-9 . Retrieved 28 March 2015.
77. ^ ^{a b c} Kirsch, John A. W.; Mayer, Gregory C. (29 July 1998). "The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 353 (1372): 1221–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0278. PMC1692306. PMID 9720117.
78. ^ ^{a b} Rauhut, O.W.M.; Martin, T.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, East.; Puerta, P. (2002). "The outset Jurassic mammal from Due south America". Nature. 416 (6877): 165–eight. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..165R. doi:10.1038/416165a. PMID 11894091. S2CID 4346804.
79. ^ Messer, M.; Weiss, A.S.; Shaw, D.C.; Westerman, Thousand. (March 1998). "Development of the Monotremes: Phylogenetic Relationship to Marsupials and Eutherians, and Interpretation of Divergence Dates Based on α-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences". Periodical of Mammalian Development. 5 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1023/A:1020523120739. S2CID 39638466.
80. ^ Phillips MJ; Bennett Thursday; Lee MS (2009). "Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. UsA. 106 (twoscore): 17089–94. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10617089P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904649106. PMC2761324. PMID 19805098.
81. ^ ^{a b} Rich, Thomas H.; Hopson, James A.; Gill, Pamela G.; Trusler, Peter; Rogers-Davidson, Sally; Morton, Steve; Cifelli, Richard Fifty.; Pickering, David; Kool, Lesley (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. forty (4): 475–501. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034. hdl:1885/112071. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 89034974.
82. ^ ^{a b} Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; Balarino, L.; Udrizar Sauthier, D.Eastward. (2002). "New information on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (three): 487–492. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Baronial 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
83. ^ Folger, Tim (1993). "A platypus in Patagonia (Ancient life – 1992)". Discover. 14 (1): 66.
84. ^ Mihai, Andrei (2013). "'Platypus-zilla' fossil unearthed in Commonwealth of australia". ZME Science. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved five November 2013.
85. ^ Selim, Jocelyn (25 April 2005). "Sex, Ys, and Platypuses". Discover. Archived from the original on sixteen May 2008. Retrieved vii May 2008.
86. ^ Frank Grützner; Willem Rens; Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush; Nisrine El-Mogharbel; Patricia C. Thou. O'Brien; Russell C. Jones; Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith; Jennifer A. Marshall Graves (xvi Dec 2004). "In the platypus a meiotic concatenation of ten sexual activity chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes". Nature. 432 (7019): 913–917. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..913G. doi:10.1038/nature03021. PMID 15502814. S2CID 4379897.
87. ^ "Across the Platypus Genome – 2008 Boden Enquiry Conference". Reprod Fertil Dev. 21 (eight): i–ix, 935–1027. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved three March 2012.
88. ^ Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik (2014). "Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals". Nature. 508 (7497): 488–493. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..488C. doi:10.1038/nature13151. PMID 24759410. S2CID 4462870.
89. ^ Salleh, Anna (5 May 2014). "Platypus Sex 'Master Switch' Identified". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on half dozen July 2016. Retrieved v June 2014.
90. ^ Zhou, Yang; Shearwin-Whyatt, Linda; Li, Jing; Song, Zhenzhen; Hayakawa, Takashi; Stevens, David; Fenelon, Jane C.; Skin, Emma; Cheng, Yuanyuan; Pajpach, Filip; Bradley, Natasha (six January 2021). "Platypus and echidna genomes reveal mammalian biology and development". Nature. 592 (7856): 756–762. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..756Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03039-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC8081666. PMID 33408411.
91. ^ John Woinarski (Natural Resources, Environs and The Arts; Group), Andrew Burbidge (IUCN SSC Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist (22 Apr 2014). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ornithorhynchus anatinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on four March 2020. Retrieved three Dec 2020.
92. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Hawke, Tahneal; Bino, Gilad; Kingsford., Richard T. (17 November 2020). A national assessment of the conservation status of the platypus (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
93. ^ ^{a b c} Wilcox, Christie (29 August 2019). "The silent decline of the platypus, Australia'due south honey oddity". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020.
94. ^ "EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Government. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Surroundings. Archived from the original on 5 Nov 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
95. ^ University of New South Wales (21 January 2020). "Platypus on brink of extinction". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
96. ^ "Platypus on brink of extinction". ScienceDaily. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
97. ^ Bino, Gilad; Kingsford, Richard T.; Wintleb, Brendan A. (1 February 2020). "A stitch in time – Synergistic impacts to platypus metapopulation extinction risk". Biological Conservation. 242: 108399. doi:x.1016/j.biocon.2019.108399. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 213833757. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 12 Oct 2020 – via ScienceDirect (Elsevier).
98. ^ Cox, Lisa (23 November 2020). "Australia's platypus habitat has shrunk 22% in xxx years, report says". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
99. ^ "Platypus should be listed equally a threatened species: new report". UNSW Newsroom. University of New South Wales. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
100. ^ "A national assessment of the conservation condition of the platypus". Australian Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 Nov 2020.
101. ^ "Platypus Fungal Disease". Department of Principal Industries and Water, Tasmania. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
102. ^ ^{a b} "Fantastic Fleay turns twenty!". Zoos Victoria. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
103. ^ "David Fleay'southward achievements". Queensland Authorities. 23 Nov 2003. Archived from the original on 2 Oct 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
104. ^ ^{a b} "Platypus". Catalyst. 13 November 2003. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
105. ^ "Pitter patter – Platypus twins!". Zoo Victoria. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 Baronial 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
106. ^ "Zoos". Australian Platypus Conservancy. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
107. ^ "Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary". Koala.cyberspace. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
108. ^ "Walkabout Creek". Queensland Government. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
109. ^ "Dwelling house". Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved v July 2017.
110. ^ "Almost Us". Warrawong Wild animals Sanctuary. 1 September 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
111. ^ Anderson, Erik (22 November 2019). "Rare Platypus On Display At San Diego Zoo Safari Park". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on xiii May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2019. The animals are the merely platypuses on display outside of their native country.
112. ^ "Platypus | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
113. ^ Lee Southward. Crandall (1964). The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity. University of Chicago Press.
114. ^ ^{a b} McKay, Helen F.; McLeod, Pauline East.; Jones, Francis F.; Barber, June E. (2001). Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN978-1563089237.
115. ^ "A Brief History of the Olympic and Paralympic Mascots". Beijing2008. v August 2004. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 25 Oct 2006.
116. ^ "About World Expo '88". Foundation Expo '88. 1988. Archived from the original on 19 Dec 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
117. ^ "The Habitation of Hexley the Platypus". Archived from the original on xiii February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
118. ^ "Circulating coins: Twenty Cents". Royal Australian Mint. Archived from the original on xix March 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
119. ^ "Native Animals - Issue Date 13 January 2015". Commonwealth of australia Post Collectables. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
120. ^ "Australian Animlas Monotremes - Result Engagement 26 September 2016". Commonwealth of australia Mail Collectables. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
121. ^ "Disney gives 'Ferb' pickup, major push – Q&A: Dan Povenmire". The Hollywood Reporter. vii June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
122. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (twenty Nov 2009). "'Phineas' star Perry makes marking on auds". Diverseness. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 26 Nov 2009.
123. ^ Jackson, John (31 March 2009). "V Reasons Why Phineas and Ferb is the Best Kids Evidence on Tv set". Paste. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
124. ^ "Perry the Platypus" Live at Musi-Cal, archived from the original on 2 January 2021, retrieved 23 March 2021

References

Books

• Augee, Michael L. (2001). "Platypus". Earth Book Encyclopedia.
• Burrell, Harry (1974). The Platypus. Adelaide SA: Rigby. ISBN978-0-85179-521-8.
• Fleay, David H. (1980). Paradoxical Platypus: Hobnobbing with Duckbills. Jacaranda Printing. ISBN978-0-7016-1364-8.
• Grant, Tom (1995). The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN978-0-86840-143-0.
• Griffiths, Mervyn (1978). The Biology of the Monotremes. Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-303850-0.
• Hutch, Michael; McDade, Melissa C., eds. (2004). "Grzimek'due south Animal Life Encyclopedia: Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12: Mammals Iii. Gale. ISBN9780787657772. OCLC 1089554968.
• Moyal, Ann Mozley (2004). Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-0-8018-8052-0.
• Strahan, Ronald; Van Dyck, Steve (April 2006). Mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). New Kingdom of the netherlands. ISBN978-1-877069-25-3.

Documentaries

• "Southern Exposure". Center of the Storm. 2000. Australian Dissemination Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. DVD EAN 9398710245592
• "El Niño". Heart of the Tempest. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013.

External links

• Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Ornithorhynchus anatinus
• Platypus facts
• View the platypus genome in Ensembl

welchthistrank.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus

Share this post